Term Paper on "Relationship of Bipolar Disorders and Addiction"
Term Paper 4 pages (1309 words) Sources: 1+
[EXCERPT] . . . .
Bipolar Disorder and Substance AddictionBipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, is a psychiatric condition that affects more than 5.7 million people in the U.S. roughly equal to 2.6% of the national population above 18 years of age. Patients are usually diagnosed in their late teens and more than 50% of all cases are diagnosed before age 25. [NIMH] the disorder is characterized by unusual mood swings that affect the person's ability to carry on his day-to-day activities. These "mood episodes" range from overexcited state called mania and periods of very low emotional state called depression. These mood variations can be short-term or prolonged and seriously affect the patient's ability to perform normal functions. Majority of patients with bipolar disorder also have substance abuse problem. Several studies (Strakowski, et al., 1998, Merikangas, et al., 2007, etc.) have reported a high prevalence of substance use disorder among adults with bipolar disorder. [Willens et.al, 2008] Some studies have also reported a high rate of SUD among patients with early onset disorder. SUD is also highly observed among adolescents with bipolar disorder. A brief overview of BP disorder and some recent studies that focus on its association with substance addiction would provide important insight into the complex spectrum of bipolar disorder and its treatment.
Bipolar Disorder
There are four main types of BP disorder namely Bipolar 1, bipolar 2, Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (BP NOS) and cyclothymic disorder. BP1 is characterized by manic or mixed episodes that last for more than one week. There is a distinct ch
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BP and Comorbid substance addiction
Frank et.al (2006) was a Pittsburgh study that analyzed 170 patients who were enrolled in the 'Maintenance therapies for Bipolar Disorder' (MTBD). Of these 101 were women and 69 were men. The MTBD program had qualification requirements such as confirmed lifetime diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, age between 18 and 65 and the most recent episode within the last 5 years. Psychiatric evaluation tests such as 'Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia' (SADS) and 'Research Diagnostic Criteria' (RDC) was conducted for all the subjects at the time of intake. Also, data pertaining to the history of substance abuse was obtained using NIMH Life Charting Protocols. The researchers also used the 'Hamilton Depression Rating Scale' (HADS) and the 'Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale' (BRMS) to assess depression and mixed mania episodes. Statistical chi square tests were used to compare patients with and without substance use. The final data analysis revealed that 59.4% (N=101) had a previous history of substance abuse. Overall the subjects in the 'substance usage (SU) group had more depressive episodes compared to the non-SU group. (Median of 6 as against 3). The study also clearly showed that secondary SU was associated with early onset of BP (mean age=18.9 vs. 21.8, t-test=?2.1, p=.036) as well as more manic episodes (median 3.5 vs. 3, Mann-Whitney test, p=0.047) compared to primary substance usage. It was found that 6.9% of the subjects used substance for the first time just after the first BD mania episode clearly suggesting substance use as a coping mechanism among this group. Also the fact that 49.5% of the subjects had previous history of SA coupled with the fact that 5 out of the ten subjects developed their first mania episode immediately following their substance discontinuance suggests a potential substance… READ MORE
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