Term Paper on "Poor Predictors of Fetal Alcohol"

Term Paper 3 pages (922 words) Sources: 2

[EXCERPT] . . . .

Of the dependent variables, head size correlated the least with drinking severity. The authors also examined interactions between a number of other factors known to affect birthweight, including nicotine and marijuana use, but accounting for these factors did not change the results.

Discussion

Two contemporary studies had produced conflicting evidence on this topic and Sampson and colleagues (1994) attributed this difference to the incorrect use of multiple linear regression analysis. While the authors of the current study also reported their analysis of the data using multiple regression, their report emphasized the results of simple correlations. Their argument was that multiple regression can produce different results even if all the data and covariates are similar, because all too often covariates do not have a strong enough effect to produce a clear result over and above interactions with the primary dependent variables.

The authors also critiqued the value of the outcome measures in predicting the effects of alcohol. For example, birthweight is more strongly correlated with sex and maternal body size than with alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Due to the strong interactions between birthweight and so many other factors, the authors concluded that the use of birthweight as a primary indicator is not recommended because the effect is small and transient.

Critical Thinking

The important conclusion of the study by Sampson et al. (1994) is that researchers and clinicians should probably focus less on birthweight and size as an indicator of fetal alcohol syndrome and more on the neurobehavioral effects t
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hat become apparent as the child develops. In a recent report published by the National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in the UK, reduced birth weight and size is still used as one of the main indicators of fetal alcohol syndrome (Blackburn, Carpenter, and Egerton, 2009). By comparison, neurobehavioral deficits are emphasized in the U.S. (NIAAA, 200). Accordingly, Sampson and colleagues (1994) identified three infants in their cohort that met the diagnostic criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome, but their birthweight and size during the course of the study would not have predicted this diagnosis.

References

Blackburn, Carolyn, Carpenter, Barry, and Egerton, Jo. (2009). Facing the Challenge and Shaping the Future for Primary and Secondary Aged Students with Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FAS-eD Project). National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, UK. Retrieved 5 Feb. 2013 from http://www.networks.nhs.uk/nhs-networks/foetal-alcohol-syndrome-an-spectrum-and-associated/documents/FAS-eD%20PROJECT%20LITERATURE%20REVIEW-1.pdf.

NIAAA (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism). (2000). Alcohol Alert. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 5 Feb. 2013 from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa50.htm.

Sampson, Paul D., Bookstein, Fred L., Barr, Helen M., and Streissguth, Ann P. (1994). Prenatal alcohol exposure, birthweight, and measures of child size from birth to age… READ MORE

Quoted Instructions for "Poor Predictors of Fetal Alcohol" Assignment:

Research Article Summary (100 points)

By completing this project, students will demonstrate proficiency with the following common course objectives:

1. Critically analyze and apply data derived from psychological research on human development, with both human and animal participants in evaluating alternatives and making personal and workplace decisions.

2. Analyze, and evaluate information on human development found in film, television, radio, print, and information technology resources.

3. Apply concepts concerning human development to one*****s own experiences, the workplace, and a culturally diverse community.

4. Communicate the understanding of human development concepts in written, oral, and/or signed format.

5. Describe the relevance of ethnicity, gender, religion, age and race to understanding differences in such areas of human development as parenting styles, sexual expression, relationship patterns, treatment of infants and later adults, gender roles, and other topic areas.

6. Demonstrate knowledge of informational technology tools for accessing interpreting and expressing knowledge of developmental psychology in a rapidly changing world.

Assignment Directions:

Students must choose either one of the articles from the listing provided, or a scientific article of your choice. After a selection has been made and the article has been located using the college*****s library database, students are to write a multi-paragraph summary based on the different parts of the article (see below for more detailed information).

Papers should include individual paragraphs based on the following headings:

Introduction- An introductory paragraph introduces the reader to the topic of your paper and states the thesis of the research. For the purpose of this assignment, the introductory paragraph should describe the research topic presented within the selected article as well as the main points discussed throughout the article.

Rationale- Trace the logical reasons for this research based upon the findings of previous research. In other words, what prior findings discussed in the selected article led the researchers to the current experiment? For example, if researchers wanted to do a study about a new medication to be given to children, then part of the rationale (e.g. reasoning) might be that no one has researched the medication on children before. Another possibility could be that the medications currently used with children have been found to have serious side effects.

Methods- Describe the subjects, procedures, and measurement tools used in the study.

Results- What were the findings of the researchers? Although you are not expected to interpret advanced statistics, it is reasonable that you understand the summative statements in the section.

Discussion/Conclusion- What does the experimental evidence add to the existing knowledge? How did the authors critique their own research?

Critical Thinking- In what ways do the research findings fit with the content you have learned in Human Growth and Development? How might the evidence impact people during their lives? How does this research apply to diversity (e.g., age, gender, race, ethnicity, and/or religion)?

Papers should include a reference page with the article citation.

Your paper should be written in American Psychological Association (APA) format. It is not necessary to write an abstract for this assignment. You may access the APA Style for College Papers at http://www.docstyles.com/apacrib.htm.

Reminders:

Be sure that your paper includes at least six paragraphs identifying each of the research elements noted above.

Remember the rules for quotation and citation!

You may not use quotes for more than 30% of your paper.

Please spell and grammar check your papers.

Proofread your paper to insure your sentences make sense.

Choose one (1) article from this list or another scientific article of your choice:

(All of the articles are retrievable from the CCBC Library Electronic Journal Database. You will need your student ID and password to access the database).

Prenatal Development

Prenatal alcohol exposure, birthweight, and measures of child size from birth

to age 14 years Sampson, Paul D, Bookstein, Fred L, Barr, Helen M, Streissguth, Ann P.

American Journal of Public Health. Washington:Sep 1994. Vol. 84, Iss. 9, p. 1421-8 (8 pp.)

Infancy

Perinatal Outcomes for Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Other Pacific Islander Mothers of Single and Multiple Race/Ethnicity: California and Hawaii, 2003-2005. Schempf, A., Mendola, P., Hamilton, B., Hayes, D., & Makuc, D.. (2010). American Journal of Public Health, Volume 100, Iss. 5, pg. 877-887.

Early Childhood

Infant and Early Childhood Exposure to Adult-Directed and Child-Directed Television Programming: Relations with Cognitive Skills at Age Four. Barr, Lauricella, Zack, & Calvert. (2010). Merrill - Palmer Quarterly, Vol 56 Issue 1, pp 21-48.

Middle Childhood

Five-year predictive validity of DSM-IV conduct disorder research diagnosis in 4½-5-year-old children. Kim-Cohen, Arseneault, Newcombe, Adams, Bolton, Cant, Delgado, Freeman, Golaszewski, Kelesidi, Matthews, Mountain, Oxley, Watson, Werts, Caspi, & Moffitt, (2009). European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Volume 18, Issue 5, pp. 284-91.

Adolescence

Ethnic Differences in Delays to Treatment for Substance Use Disorders: African Americans, Black Caribbeans and Non-Hispanic Whites. Perron, *****-Eitzman, Watkins, Taylor, Baser, Neighbors, & Jackson. (2009). Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, Volume 41 Issue 4, pp. 369-77.

Young Adulthood

Racial Discrimination and Racial Identity as Risk or Protective Factors for

Violent Behaviors in African American Young Adults Cleopatra Howard Caldwell, Laura P. Kohn-Wood, Karen H. Schmeelk-Cone, Tabbye M. Chavous, Marc A. Zimmerman. American Journal of Community Psychology. New York:Mar 2004. Vol. 33, Iss. 1-2, p. 91-105

Middle Adulthood

Girls experiencing sexual intercourse early: Could it play a part in

reproductive health in middle adulthood? Chris Magnusson, Kari Trost. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. Utrecht:Dec 2006. Vol. 27, Iss. 4, p. 237-44 (8 pp.)

Late Adulthood

Toward understanding age-related memory loss in late adulthood Mary A Luszcz, *****t Bryan. Gerontology. Basel:Jan/Feb 1999. Vol. 45, Iss. 1, p. 2-9 (8 pp.)

You can find these articles by going to CCBC library webpage:

http://www.ccbcmd.edu/library/index.html

Ø Then click on Find:

http://library.ccbcmd.edu/screens/databases.html

Ø Chose Psychology databases:

http://library.ccbcmd.edu/screens/databases.html#psychology

Ø From there you can find the full text of the article that you want to summarize.

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Poor Predictors of Fetal Alcohol.” A1-TermPaper.com, 2013, https://www.a1-termpaper.com/topics/essay/poor-predictors-fetal-alcohol-syndrome/1503377. Accessed 19 May 2024.

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